Say someone didn’t withdraw their full RMD in 2022.  The penalty would apply for the amount not taken in 2022, but does it continue to apply for 2023 and 2024 and forward, up until they ultimately DO take out the remaining amount?  Or is the penalty a one-time thing for the year it was supposed to come out, and that’s it.  Let’s ignore the ability to request a waiver – I’m just trying to illustrate to someone how bad it can be to skip an RMD and never bother to fix it.  With an excess contribution to an IRA, my understanding is the penalty just continue to apply year after year until the overage is somehow fixed – same with RMDs?